Continuation of 21.07 Mathematical Formulas I with symbol families that appear in advanced maths, statistics, and technical documents. Each table lists the operator, Japanese reading, and a quick usage reminder so translation work and tutoring explanations stay precise.
Equality & definition symbols
Symbol
Japanese reading
Usage
=
イコール
Declares equality: a=b
≠
ノットイコール/不等号
States inequality: a=b
≡
恒等記号(こうとうきごう)
Identity or congruence: a≡b(modn)
:=
定義記号(ていぎきごう)
“Define as”: f(x):=x2+1
≙
に対応する
“Corresponds to” in engineering drawings.
Approximation & proportionality
Symbol
Japanese reading
Usage
≈
ニアリーイコール
Approximately equal; rounding or numerical methods.
≒
約等号(やくとうごう)
“Roughly equal” with a looser tolerance than ≈.
∝
比例記号(ひれいきごう)
Proportional relationship: a∝b.
~
ティルダ/同程度
Same order or “similar to” depending on context.
≲
ほぼ以下
“Approximately less than” in analysis.
≳
ほぼ以上
“Approximately greater than”.
Inequalities
Symbol
Japanese reading
Usage
<
小なり(しょうなり)
Strict inequality.
>
大なり(だいなり)
Strict inequality (greater).
≤
小なりイコール
Less than or equal to.
≥
大なりイコール
Greater than or equal to.
≪
非常に小なり
“Much less than” or different order of magnitude.
≫
非常に大なり
“Much greater than”.
Arithmetic operators
Symbol
Japanese reading
Usage
+
プラス
Addition.
−
マイナス
Subtraction or unary negative.
±
プラスマイナス
Positive/negative pair.
∓
マイナスプラス
Companion to ± when order matters.
× / ⋅
かける
Multiplication (scalar).
÷ / ⁄
わる
Division.
Set & logic notation
Symbol
Japanese reading
Usage
∈
属する(ぞくする)
Element of a set: x∈A.
∉
属さない
Not an element: x∈/A.
⊂
真部分集合
Proper subset.
⊆
部分集合
Subset (allows equality).
∪
和集合(わしゅうごう)
Union of sets.
∩
共通集合(きょうつうしゅうごう)
Intersection.
∅
空集合(くうしゅうごう)
Empty set.
¬
否定(ひてい)
Logical NOT.
∧
論理積(ろんりせき)
Logical AND.
∨
論理和(ろんりわ)
Logical OR.
⇒
含意(がんい)
Logical implication.
⇔
同値(どうち)
Biconditional / “if and only if”.
Calculus & analysis extras
Symbol
Japanese reading
Usage
∂
ラウンドディー/偏微分記号
Partial derivative.
∇
ナブラ
Gradient, divergence, curl.
∫
インテグラル
Integral sign.
∬ / ∭
二重積分/三重積分
Multi-dimensional integrals.
∑
シグマ
Summation operator.
∏
パイ(大文字)
Product operator.
Usage notes
Keep readings full-width in Japanese text (e.g.「≦(しょうなりいこーる)」). Switch to half-width symbols only when code or LaTeX requires it.
When drafting bilingual material, include both the mathematical expression and a short descriptive phrase to avoid ambiguity for non-technical stakeholders.