21.08 Mathematical Formulas II

Continuation of 21.07 Mathematical Formulas I with symbol families that appear in advanced maths, statistics, and technical documents. Each table lists the operator, Japanese reading, and a quick usage reminder so translation work and tutoring explanations stay precise.

Equality & definition symbols

SymbolJapanese readingUsage
イコールDeclares equality:
ノットイコール/不等号States inequality:
恒等記号(こうとうきごう)Identity or congruence:
:=定義記号(ていぎきごう)“Define as”:
に対応する“Corresponds to” in engineering drawings.

Approximation & proportionality

SymbolJapanese readingUsage
ニアリーイコールApproximately equal; rounding or numerical methods.
約等号(やくとうごう)“Roughly equal” with a looser tolerance than ≈.
比例記号(ひれいきごう)Proportional relationship: .
~ティルダ/同程度Same order or “similar to” depending on context.
ほぼ以下“Approximately less than” in analysis.
ほぼ以上“Approximately greater than”.

Inequalities

SymbolJapanese readingUsage
<小なり(しょうなり)Strict inequality.
>大なり(だいなり)Strict inequality (greater).
小なりイコールLess than or equal to.
大なりイコールGreater than or equal to.
非常に小なり“Much less than” or different order of magnitude.
非常に大なり“Much greater than”.

Arithmetic operators

SymbolJapanese readingUsage
+プラスAddition.
マイナスSubtraction or unary negative.
±プラスマイナスPositive/negative pair.
マイナスプラスCompanion to ± when order matters.
× / ⋅かけるMultiplication (scalar).
÷ / ⁄わるDivision.

Set & logic notation

SymbolJapanese readingUsage
属する(ぞくする)Element of a set: .
属さないNot an element: .
真部分集合Proper subset.
部分集合Subset (allows equality).
和集合(わしゅうごう)Union of sets.
共通集合(きょうつうしゅうごう)Intersection.
空集合(くうしゅうごう)Empty set.
¬否定(ひてい)Logical NOT.
論理積(ろんりせき)Logical AND.
論理和(ろんりわ)Logical OR.
含意(がんい)Logical implication.
同値(どうち)Biconditional / “if and only if”.

Calculus & analysis extras

SymbolJapanese readingUsage
ラウンドディー/偏微分記号Partial derivative.
ナブラGradient, divergence, curl.
インテグラルIntegral sign.
∬ / ∭二重積分/三重積分Multi-dimensional integrals.
シグマSummation operator.
パイ(大文字)Product operator.

Usage notes

  • Keep readings full-width in Japanese text (e.g.「≦(しょうなりいこーる)」). Switch to half-width symbols only when code or LaTeX requires it.
  • When drafting bilingual material, include both the mathematical expression and a short descriptive phrase to avoid ambiguity for non-technical stakeholders.
  • Combine with 21.07 Mathematical Formulas I — Calculus & analysis for vocabulary explanations when teaching or translating proof outlines.