Continuation of 21.07 Mathematical Formulas I with symbol families that appear in advanced maths, statistics, and technical documents. Each table lists the operator, Japanese reading, and a quick usage reminder so translation work and tutoring explanations stay precise.
Equality & definition symbols#
| Symbol | Japanese reading | Usage |
|---|
| = | イコール | Declares equality: a=b |
| ≠ | ノットイコール/不等号 | States inequality: a=b |
| ≡ | 恒等記号(こうとうきごう) | Identity or congruence: a≡b(modn) |
| := | 定義記号(ていぎきごう) | “Define as”: f(x):=x2+1 |
| ≙ | に対応する | “Corresponds to” in engineering drawings. |
Approximation & proportionality#
| Symbol | Japanese reading | Usage |
|---|
| ≈ | ニアリーイコール | Approximately equal; rounding or numerical methods. |
| ≒ | 約等号(やくとうごう) | “Roughly equal” with a looser tolerance than ≈. |
| ∝ | 比例記号(ひれいきごう) | Proportional relationship: a∝b. |
| ~ | ティルダ/同程度 | Same order or “similar to” depending on context. |
| ≲ | ほぼ以下 | “Approximately less than” in analysis. |
| ≳ | ほぼ以上 | “Approximately greater than”. |
Inequalities#
| Symbol | Japanese reading | Usage |
|---|
| < | 小なり(しょうなり) | Strict inequality. |
| > | 大なり(だいなり) | Strict inequality (greater). |
| ≤ | 小なりイコール | Less than or equal to. |
| ≥ | 大なりイコール | Greater than or equal to. |
| ≪ | 非常に小なり | “Much less than” or different order of magnitude. |
| ≫ | 非常に大なり | “Much greater than”. |
Arithmetic operators#
| Symbol | Japanese reading | Usage |
|---|
| + | プラス | Addition. |
| − | マイナス | Subtraction or unary negative. |
| ± | プラスマイナス | Positive/negative pair. |
| ∓ | マイナスプラス | Companion to ± when order matters. |
| × / ⋅ | かける | Multiplication (scalar). |
| ÷ / ⁄ | わる | Division. |
Set & logic notation#
| Symbol | Japanese reading | Usage |
|---|
| ∈ | 属する(ぞくする) | Element of a set: x∈A. |
| ∉ | 属さない | Not an element: x∈/A. |
| ⊂ | 真部分集合 | Proper subset. |
| ⊆ | 部分集合 | Subset (allows equality). |
| ∪ | 和集合(わしゅうごう) | Union of sets. |
| ∩ | 共通集合(きょうつうしゅうごう) | Intersection. |
| ∅ | 空集合(くうしゅうごう) | Empty set. |
| ¬ | 否定(ひてい) | Logical NOT. |
| ∧ | 論理積(ろんりせき) | Logical AND. |
| ∨ | 論理和(ろんりわ) | Logical OR. |
| ⇒ | 含意(がんい) | Logical implication. |
| ⇔ | 同値(どうち) | Biconditional / “if and only if”. |
| Symbol | Japanese reading | Usage |
|---|
| ∂ | ラウンドディー/偏微分記号 | Partial derivative. |
| ∇ | ナブラ | Gradient, divergence, curl. |
| ∫ | インテグラル | Integral sign. |
| ∬ / ∭ | 二重積分/三重積分 | Multi-dimensional integrals. |
| ∑ | シグマ | Summation operator. |
| ∏ | パイ(大文字) | Product operator. |
Usage notes#
- Keep readings full-width in Japanese text (e.g.「≦(しょうなりいこーる)」). Switch to half-width symbols only when code or LaTeX requires it.
- When drafting bilingual material, include both the mathematical expression and a short descriptive phrase to avoid ambiguity for non-technical stakeholders.
- Combine with 21.07 Mathematical Formulas I — Calculus & analysis for vocabulary explanations when teaching or translating proof outlines.